Systems and methods for electrosurgical tissue revascularization

ABSTRACT

Systems, apparatus and methods are provided for canalizing or boring channels, divots, trenches or holes through tissue to revascularize the region around this tissue. In one method, an electrode terminal is positioned in close proximity to a target site and a high frequency voltage difference is applied between the electrode terminal and a return electrode to volumetrically remove or ablate tissue at the target site. The electrode terminal(s) may be translated relative to the body structure during or after the application of electrical energy to sculpt a void within the body structure, such as a hole, channel, stripe, crater, divot or the like. The present invention may be useful for revascularization of a healthy meniscus, or a torn or damaged meniscus during a repair procedure. For example, channels may be formed from the inner aspect to the outer aspect of the meniscus to promote direct communication between blood within the outer aspect and that of existing meniscus vasculature to increase blood flow therein.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/089/012 filed Jun. 2, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,046 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/753,227, filed on Nov. 22, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,873,855 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/562,331, filed on Nov. 22, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366 the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

The present invention is related to commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/990,374, filed Dec. 15, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,268, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/485,219, filed on Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,281, patent application Ser. Nos. 09/058,571, 08/874,173 and 09/002,315, filed on Apr. 10, 1998, Jun. 13, 1997, and Jan. 2, 1998, respectively now U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,142,992, 6,179,824 and 6,183,469 respectively and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/054,323, filed on Apr. 2, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,079, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/010,382, filed Jan. 21, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,381, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/032,375, filed Feb. 27, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,082, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/977,845, filed on Nov. 25, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,210,402, Ser. No. 08/942,580, filed on Oct. 2, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,194, Ser. No. 09/026,851, filed Feb. 20, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,277,112, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/753,227, filed on Nov. 22, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,873,855, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/687792, filed on Jul. 18, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,019, and PCT International Application, U.S. National Phase Serial No. PCT/US94/05168, filed on May 10, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,909 which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/059,681, filed on May 10, 1993 (now abandoned), which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/958,977, filed on Oct. 9, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,443 which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/817,575, filed on Jan. 7, 1992 (now abandoned), the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The present invention is also related to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366, filed Nov. 22, 1995, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of electrosurgery and, more particularly, to surgical devices and methods that employ high frequency energy to cut and ablate tissue for increasing the flow of blood to a region around the target tissue.

Coronary artery disease, the build up of atherosclerotic plaque on the inner walls of the coronary arteries, causes the narrowing or complete closure of these arteries resulting in insufficient blood flow to the heart. A number of approaches have been developed for treating coronary artery disease. In less severe cases, it is often sufficient to treat the symptoms with pharmaceuticals and lifestyle modification to lessen the underlying causes of the disease. In more severe cases a coronary artery blockage can often be treated using endovascular techniques, such as balloon angioplasty, a laser recanalization, placement of stents, and the like.

In cases where pharmaceutical treatment and endovascular approaches have failed or are likely to fail, it is often necessary to perform a coronary artery bypass graft procedure using open or thoracoscopic surgical methods. For example, many patients still require bypass surgery due to such conditions as the presence of extremely diffuse stenotic lesions, the presence of total occlusions and the presence of stenotic lesions in extremely tortuous vessels. However, some patients are too sick to successfully undergo bypass surgery. For other patients, previous endovascular and/or bypass surgery attempts have failed to provide adequate revascularization of the heart muscle.

The present invention is particularly concerned with an alternative to the above procedures, which is known as laser myocardial revascularization (LMR). LMR is a recent procedure developed with the recognition that myocardial circulation occurs through arterioluminal channels and myocardial sinusoids in the heart wall, as well as through the coronary arteries. In LMR procedures, artificial channels are formed in the myocardium with laser energy to provide blood flow to ischemic heart muscles by utilizing the heart's ability to perfuse itself from these artificial channels through the arterioluminal channels and myocardial sinusoids. In one such procedure, a CO₂ laser is utilized to vaporize tissue and produce channels in the heart wall from the epicardium through the endocardium to promote direct communication between blood within the ventricular cavity and that of existing myocardial vasculature. The laser energy is typically transmitted from the laser to the epicardium by an articulated arm device. Recently, a percutaneous method of LMR has been developed in which an elongated flexible lasing apparatus is attached to a catheter and guided endoluminally into the patient's heart. The inner wall of the heart is irradiated with laser energy to form a channel from the endocardium into the myocardium for a desired distance.

While recent techniques in LMR have been promising, they also suffer from a number of drawbacks inherent with laser technology. One such drawback is that the laser energy must be sufficiently concentrated to form channels through the heart tissue, which reduces the diameter of the channels formed by LMR. In addition, free beam lasers generally must completely form each artificial lumen or revascularizing channel during the still or quiescent period of the heart beat. Otherwise, the laser beam will damage surrounding portions of the heart as the heart beats and thus moves relative to the laser beam. Consequently, the surgeon must typically form the channel in less than about 0.08 seconds, which requires a relatively large amount of energy. This further reduces the size of the channels that may be formed with a given amount of laser energy. Applicant has found that the diameter or minimum lateral dimension of these artificial channels may have an effect on their ability to remain open. Thus, the relatively small diameter channels formed by existing LMR procedures (typically on the order of about 1 mm or less) may begin to close after a brief period of time, which reduces the blood flow to the heart tissue.

Another drawback with current LMR techniques is that it is difficult to precisely control the location and depth of the channels formed by lasers. For example, the speed in which the revascularizing channels are formed often makes it difficult to determine when a given channel has pierced the opposite side of the heart wall. In addition, the distance in which the laser beam extends into the heart is difficult to control, which can lead to laser irradiation with heating or vaporization of blood or heart tissue within the ventricular cavity. For example, when using the LMR technique in a pericardial approach (i.e., from outside surface of the heart to inside surface), the laser beam may not only pierce through the entire wall of the heart but may also irradiate blood within the heart cavity. As a result, one or more blood thromboses or clots may be formed which can lead to vascular blockages elsewhere in the circulatory system. Alternatively, when using the LMR technique in an endocardial approach (i.e., from the inside surface of the heart toward the outside surface), the laser beam may not only pierce the entire wall of the heart but may also irradiate and damage tissue surrounding the outer boundary of the heart.

Revascularization, or the promotion of blood flow to tissue, is desirable in areas of the body other than the heart. For example, the meniscus tissue, a C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage located at the peripheral aspect of the joint, typically has very little blood supply (particularly the inner portions of the meniscus). For that reason, when damaged, the meniscus is unable to undergo the normal healing process that occurs in most of the rest of the body. In addition, with age, the meniscus begins to deteriorate, often developing degenerative tears. Typically, when the meniscus is damaged, the torn pieces begins to move in an abnormal fashion inside the joint. Because the space between the bones of the joint is very small, as the abnormally mobile piece of meniscal tissue (meniscal fragment) moves, it may become caught between the bones of the joint (femur and tibia). When this happens, the knee becomes painful, swollen and difficult to move. Thus, it would be desirable to revascularize portions of the meniscus, particularly after it has been torn or otherwise damaged to facilitate the healing process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides systems, apparatus and methods for selectively applying electrical energy to structures within or on the surface of a patient's body. The present invention allows the surgical team to perform electrosurgical interventions, such as ablation and cutting of body structures, while limiting the depth of necrosis and limiting damage to tissue adjacent the treatment site. The systems, apparatus and methods of the present invention are particularly useful for canalizing or boring channels, divots, trenches or holes through tissue to revascularize the region around this tissue.

In a method according to the present invention, an electrode terminal is positioned in close proximity to a target site and a high frequency voltage difference is applied between the electrode terminal and a return electrode to volumetrically remove or ablate tissue at the target site. The electrode terminal(s) may be translated relative to the body structure during or after the application of electrical energy to sculpt a void within the body structure, such as a hole, channel, stripe, crater, divot or the like. In some embodiments, the electrode terminal(s) are axially translated toward the body structure to volumetrically remove one or more channel(s), divot(s) or hole(s) through a portion of the structure. In other embodiments, the electrode terminal(s) are translated across the body structure to remove one or more stripe(s) or channel(s) of tissue. In most embodiments, electrically conducting fluid, such as isotonic saline, is located between the electrode terminal(s) and the body structure. In the bipolar modality, the conducting fluid generates a current flow path between the electrode terminal(s) and one or more return electrode(s). High frequency voltage is then applied between the electrode terminal(s) and the return electrode(s) through the current flow path created by the electrically conducting fluid.

In one aspect of the invention, a method is provided for revascularization of the meniscus, particularly the inner aspect of the meniscus. The present invention may be useful for revascularization of a healthy meniscus, or a torn or damaged meniscus during a repair procedure. In the latter case, the torn pieces of the meniscus are typically removed, and one or more implants are anchored into the meniscus to fixate the tissue during healing. In one embodiment of the present invention, artificial channels or lumens are created during this procedure to help revascularize the damaged meniscus and facilitate the healing process. For example, in a “bucket-handle” lesion, the meniscus typically has a longitudinal tear or lesion. According to the present invention, one or more electrode terminals are positioned adjacent the inner aspect of the meniscus, and a high frequency voltage is applied between the electrode terminal(s) and one or more return electrode(s). The high frequency voltage ablates, i.e. volumetrically removes the tissue, and the electrode terminal(s) are axially translated into the space vacated by the removed tissue to bore a channel through the tissue. The channels are formed across the lesion from the inner aspect to the outer aspect of the meniscus to promote direct communication between blood within the outer aspect and that of existing meniscus vasculature to increase blood flow therein. In an exemplary embodiment, surgical implants are then advanced through the holes created by the present invention to fix the meniscus during healing.

In a specific configuration, the meniscus tissue is removed by molecular dissociation or disintegration processes. In these embodiments, the high frequency voltage applied to the electrode terminal(s) is sufficient to vaporize an electrically conductive fluid (e.g., gel or saline) between the electrode terminal(s) and the tissue. Within the vaporized fluid, a ionized plasma is formed and charged particles (e.g., electrons) are accelerated towards the tissue to cause the molecular breakdown or disintegration of several cell layers of the tissue. This molecular dissociation is accompanied by the volumetric removal of the tissue. The short range of the accelerated charged particles within the plasma layer confines the molecular dissociation process to the surface layer to minimize damage and necrosis to the underlying tissue. This process can be precisely controlled to effect the volumetric removal of tissue as thin as 10 to 150 microns with minimal heating of, or damage to, surrounding or underlying tissue structures. A more complete description of this phenomena is described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366.

One of the advantages of the present invention, particularly over previous methods involving lasers, is that the surgeon can more precisely control the location, depth and diameter of the revascularizing channels formed in the tissue. The ability to precisely control the volumetric removal of tissue results in a field of tissue ablation or removal that is very defined, consistent and predictable. This precise heating also helps to minimize or completely eliminate damage to healthy tissue structures, cartilage, bone and/or cranial nerves that are often adjacent the target tissue. In addition, small blood vessels at the target site are simultaneously cauterized and sealed as the tissue is removed to continuously maintain hemostasis during the procedure. This increases the surgeon's field of view, and shortens the length of the procedure. Moreover, the electrode terminal remains in contact with the meniscus tissue as the high frequency voltage ablates this tissue (or at least substantially close to the tissue, e.g., usually on the order of about 0.1 to 2.0 mm and preferably about 0.1 to 1.0 mm). This preserves tactile sense and allows the surgeon to more accurately determine when to terminate cutting of a given channel so as to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and/or minimize bleeding into the knee cavity.

Apparatus according to the present invention generally include an electrosurgical probe or catheter having a shaft with proximal and distal ends, one or more electrode terminal(s) at the distal end and one or more connectors coupling the electrode terminal(s) to a source of high frequency electrical energy. For revascularization of meniscus tissue, the distal end portion of the shaft will usually have a diameter of less than 3 mm, preferably less than 1 mm, to facilitate the formation of small hole(s) or channel(s) through the tissue. The electrode terminal(s) are preferably supported within an electrically insulating support member typically formed of an inorganic material, such as ceramic or glass. The electrode terminal(s) may extend outward from the support member by a distance of about 0.0 mm to about 10 mm, usually about 0.2 to about 5 mm. In an exemplary embodiment, the instrument comprises an array of electrically isolated electrode terminal(s) and one or more power limiting elements for limiting the application of power to the electrode terminal(s) in an electrically conducting fluid environment.

In open procedures, or in procedures in “dry” fields, the apparatus may further include a fluid delivery element for delivering electrically conducting fluid to the electrode terminal(s) and the target site. The fluid delivery element may be located on the probe, e.g., a fluid lumen or tube, or it may be part of a separate instrument. In arthroscopic procedures, however, the knee cavity will typically be filled with electrically conducting fluid (e.g., isotonic saline) so that the apparatus need not have a fluid delivery element. In both embodiments, the electrically conducting fluid will preferably generate a current flow path between the electrode terminal(s) and one or more return electrode(s). In an exemplary embodiment, the return electrode is located on the probe and spaced a sufficient distance from the electrode terminal(s) to substantially avoid or minimize current shorting therebetween and to shield the return electrode from tissue at the target site.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the electrosurgical system including an electrosurgical probe, an electrically conducting fluid supply and an electrosurgical power supply constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2A is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of the distal tip of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2B is an end view of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view of the proximal end of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 2A, illustrating an arrangement for coupling the probe to the electrically conducting fluid supply of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 2D and 2E are cross-sectional views of the distal end of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 2A, illustrating one method of manufacturing the electrode terminals and insulating matrix of the probe;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the distal tip of another electrosurgical probe that does not incorporate a fluid lumen for delivering electrically conducting fluid to the target site;

FIG. 4A is an enlarged, cross-sectional view of the distal tip of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 3 illustrating an electrode array;

FIG. 4B is an end view of the distal tip of the electrosurgical probe of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a catheter having a shaft with an electrosurgical arrangement at its distal end;

FIGS. 6-10A illustrate alternative electrode arrangements for the probes of FIGS. 1-4 or the catheter of FIG. 5;

FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the human heart, illustrating the electrosurgical catheter of FIG. 5 within the ventricular cavity for performing a transmyocardial revascularization procedure;

FIG. 12 is a sectional view of the thoracic cavity, illustrating the electrosurgical probe of FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B in a thoracoscopic revascularization procedure;

FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B boring a channel through the myocardium;

FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIGS. 1 boring a channel through the myocardium;

FIG. 15 depicts an alternative embodiment of the probe of FIG. 14 having an outer lumen for delivering electrically conductive fluid to the target site, and an inner lumen for aspirating fluid and gases from the transmyocardial channel;

FIG. 16 is a side view of an electrosurgical probe incorporating a fiberoptic viewing device and a light generator for sighting the probe onto a target site on the heart tissue;

FIG. 17 schematically illustrates a lumenal prosthesis positioned in a revascularizing channel during a percutaneous procedure to maintain lumen patency;

FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIG. 1 boring a channel into the myocardium with an ultrasound tissue thickness measuring device located on a guide catheter;

FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIG. 1 boring a channel into the myocardium with an ultrasound tissue thickness measuring device located on an electrosurgical catheter;

FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the probe of FIG. 1 boring a channel into the myocardium with an electrical impedance sensor located on an electrosurgical catheter to detect crossing through a surface of the heart at a distance L₁ distal to the electrode array;

FIG. 21 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a hemostasis device for sealing artificial revascularizing channels formed by one of the electrosurgical instruments of the present invention;

FIG. 22 is schematically illustrates a lumenal prosthesis positioned in a revascularizing channel during a thoracoscopic procedure to maintain lumen patency;

FIG. 23 schematically illustrates a curved revascularizing channel formed by one of the electrosurgical instruments of the present invention;

FIG. 24 is an anterior view of a right knee joint with the patella removed;

FIG. 25 is a top sectional view of the right knee joint, illustrating a “bucket-handle” lesion in the meniscus, and a plurality of surgical implants for fixing the meniscus in place during healing; and

FIG. 26 illustrates a method of performing a meniscus revascularization procedure in conjunction with the meniscus repair procedure of FIG. 25 according to the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

The present invention provides systems, apparatus and methods for selectively applying electrical energy to a target location within or on a patient's body. In particular, the present invention provides systems, devices and methods for increasing the blood flow to a region of tissue. In one embodiment, blood flow is increased within the heart by creating artificial channels or lumens through the myocardium of the heart. In another embodiment, blood flow is increased to inner aspects of the meniscus by creating artificial channels or lumens from the outer aspect of the meniscus (which usually has a blood supply) to the inner aspect of the meniscus. It will be appreciated that the systems, devices and methods can be applied equally well to procedures involving other tissues of the body, as well as to other procedures including open procedures, intravascular procedures, urology, laparascopy, arthroscopy, thoracoscopy or other cardiac procedures, dermatology, orthopedics, gynecology, otorhinolaryngology, spinal and neurologic procedures, oncology and the like. For convenience, the remaining disclosure will be directed specifically to the revascularization of heart and meniscus tissue.

In the present invention, high frequency (RF) electrical energy is applied to one or more electrode terminals in the presence of electrically conductive fluid to remove and/or modify the structure of tissue structures. Depending on the specific procedure, the present invention may be used to: (1) volumetrically remove tissue, bone or cartilage (i.e., ablate or effect molecular dissociation of the tissue structure); (2) form holes, channels, divots or other spaces within tissue (3) cut or resect tissue; (4) shrink or contract collagen connective tissue; and/or (5) coagulate severed blood vessels.

In the preferred method, the tissue is volumetrically removed or ablated. In this procedure, a high frequency voltage difference is applied between one or more electrode terminal(s) and one or more return electrode(s) to develop high electric field intensities in the vicinity of the target tissue. The high electric field intensities adjacent the electrode terminal(s) lead to electric field induced molecular breakdown of target tissue through molecular dissociation (rather than thermal evaporation or carbonization). Applicant believes that the tissue structure is volumetrically removed through molecular disintegration of larger organic molecules into smaller molecules and/or atoms, such as hydrogen, oxygen, oxides of carbon, hydrocarbons and nitrogen compounds. This molecular disintegration completely removes the tissue structure, as opposed to dehydrating the tissue material by the removal of fluid within the cells of the tissue, as is typically the case with electrosurgical desiccation and vaporization.

The high electric field intensities may be generated by applying a high frequency voltage that is sufficient to vaporize an electrically conducting fluid over at least a portion of the electrode terminal(s) in the region between the distal tip of the electrode terminal(s) and the target tissue. The electrically conductive fluid may be a liquid, such as isotonic saline or blood, delivered to the target site, or a viscous fluid, such as a gel, applied to the target site. Since the vapor layer or vaporized region has a relatively high electrical impedance, it increases the voltage differential between the electrode terminal tip and the tissue and causes ionization within the vapor layer due to the presence of an ionizable species (e.g., sodium when isotonic saline is the electrically conducting fluid). This ionization, under optimal conditions, induces the discharge of energetic electrons and photons from the vapor layer and to the surface of the target tissue. This energy may be in the form of energetic photons (e.g., ultraviolet radiation), energetic particles (e.g., electrons) or a combination thereof. A more detailed description of this phenomena, termed Coblation™ can be found in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366 the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention applies high frequency (RF) electrical energy in an electrically conducting fluid environment to remove (i.e., resect, cut or ablate) a tissue structure, and to seal transected vessels within the region of the target tissue. The present invention is particularly useful for sealing larger arterial vessels, e.g., on the order of 1 mm or greater. In some embodiments, a high frequency power supply is provided having an ablation mode, wherein a first voltage is applied to an electrode terminal sufficient to effect molecular dissociation or disintegration of the tissue, and a coagulation mode, wherein a second, lower voltage is applied to an electrode terminal (either the same or a different electrode) sufficient to achieve hemostasis of severed vessels within the tissue. In other embodiments, an electrosurgical instrument is provided having one or more coagulation electrode(s) configured for sealing a severed vessel, such as an arterial vessel, and one or more electrode terminals configured for either contracting the collagen fibers within the tissue or removing (ablating) the tissue, e.g., by applying sufficient energy to the tissue to effect molecular dissociation. In the latter embodiments, the coagulation electrode(s) may be configured such that a single voltage can be applied to coagulate with the coagulation electrode(s), and to ablate with the electrode terminal(s). In other embodiments, the power supply is combined with the coagulation instrument such that the coagulation electrode is used when the power supply is in the coagulation mode (low voltage), and the electrode terminal(s) are used when the power supply is in the ablation mode (higher voltage).

The present invention is also useful for removing or ablating tissue around nerves, such as spinal, visceral or cranial nerves, e.g., the olfactory nerve on either side of the nasal cavity, the optic nerve within the optic and cranial canals, the palatine nerve within the nasal cavity, soft palate, uvula and tonsil, etc. One of the significant drawbacks with prior art mechanical cutters and lasers is that these devices do not differentiate between the target tissue and the surrounding nerves or bone. Therefore, the surgeon must be extremely careful during these procedures to avoid damage to the bone or nerves within and around the nasal cavity. In the present invention, the Coblation process for removing tissue results in extremely small depths of collateral tissue damage as discussed above. This allows the surgeon to remove tissue close to a nerve without causing collateral damage to the nerve fibers. A more complete description of this phenomena can be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 9/032,375, filed Feb. 27, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,032, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In the method of the present invention, one or more electrode terminals are brought into close proximity to tissue at a target site, and the power supply is activated in the ablation mode such that sufficient voltage is applied between the electrode terminals and the return electrode to volumetrically remove the tissue through molecular dissociation, as described below. During this process, vessels within the tissue will be severed. Smaller vessels will be automatically sealed with the system and method of the present invention. Larger vessels, and those with a higher flow rate, such as arterial vessels, may not be automatically sealed in the ablation mode. In these cases, the severed vessels may be sealed by activating a control (e.g., a foot pedal) to reduce the voltage of the power supply into the coagulation mode. In this mode, the electrode terminals may be pressed against the severed vessel to provide sealing and/or coagulation of the vessel. Alternatively, a coagulation electrode located on the same or a different instrument may be pressed against the severed vessel. Once the vessel is adequately sealed, the surgeon activates a control (e.g., another foot pedal) to increase the voltage of the power supply back into the ablation mode.

The electrosurgical instrument will comprise a shaft having a proximal end and a distal end which supports an active electrode. The shaft may assume a wide variety of configurations, with the primary purpose being to mechanically support one or more active electrode and permit the treating physician to manipulate the electrode(s) from a proximal end of the shaft. Usually, an electrosurgical probe shaft will be a narrow-diameter rod or tube, more usually having dimensions which permit it to be introduced into a body cavity, such as the thoracic cavity, through an associated trocar or cannula in a minimally invasive procedure, such as arthroscopic, laparoscopic, thoracoscopic, and other endoscopic procedures. Thus, the probe shaft will typically have a length of at least 5 cm for open procedures and at least 10 cm , more typically being 20 cm , or longer for endoscopic procedures. The probe shaft will typically have a diameter of at least 0.5 mm and frequently in the range from 1 to 10 mm.

The electrosurgical probe may be delivered percutaneously (endoluminally) by insertion through a conventional or specialized guide catheter, or the invention may include a catheter having an active electrode array integral with its distal end. The catheter shaft may be rigid or flexible, with flexible shafts optionally being combined with a generally rigid external tube for mechanical support. Flexible shafts may be combined with pull wires, shape memory actuators, and other known mechanisms for effecting selective deflection of the distal end of the shaft to facilitate positioning of the electrode or electrode array. The shaft will usually include a plurality of wires or other conductive elements running axially therethrough to permit connection of the electrode or electrode array and the return electrode to a connector at the proximal end of the shaft. Specific shaft designs will be described in detail in connection with the figures hereinafter.

The electrode terminal(s) are preferably supported within or by an inorganic insulating support positioned near the distal end of the instrument shaft, e.g., a catheter body. The return electrode may be located on the instrument shaft, on another instrument or on the external surface of the patient (i.e., a dispersive pad). When the present invention is used in close proximity of the heart, a bipolar design is more preferable because this minimizes the current flow through heart tissue. Accordingly, the return electrode is preferably either integrated with the catheter body, or another instrument located in close proximity to the distal end of the catheter body. The proximal end of the catheter will include the appropriate electrical connections for coupling the return electrode(s) and the electrode terminal(s) to a high frequency power supply, such as an electrosurgical generator.

The current flow path between the electrode terminals and the return electrode(s) may be generated by submerging the tissue site in an electrical conducting fluid (e.g., within a viscous fluid, such as an electrically conductive gel) or by directing an electrically conducting fluid along a fluid path to the target site (i.e., a liquid, such as isotonic saline, or a gas, such as argon). The conductive gel may also be delivered to the target site to achieve a slower more controlled delivery rate of conductive fluid. In addition, the viscous nature of the gel may allow the surgeon to more easily contain the gel around the target site (e.g., rather than attempting to contain isotonic saline). A more complete description of an exemplary method of directing electrically conducting fluid between the active and return electrodes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,281, previously incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, the body's natural conductive fluids, such as blood, may be sufficient to establish a conductive path between the return electrode(s) and the electrode terminal(s), and to provide the conditions for establishing a vapor layer, as described above. Advantageously, a liquid electrically conductive fluid (e.g., isotonic saline) may be used to concurrently “bathe” the target tissue surface to provide an additional means for removing any tissue, and to cool the region of the target tissue ablated in the previous moment.

The power supply may include a fluid interlock for interrupting power to the electrode terminal(s) when there is insufficient conductive fluid around the electrode terminal(s). This ensures that the instrument will not be activated when conductive fluid is not present, minimizing the tissue damage that may otherwise occur. A more complete description of such a fluid interlock can be found in commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/058,336, filed Apr. 10, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,020, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In some procedures, it may also be necessary to retrieve or aspirate the electrically conductive fluid and/or the non-condensible gaseous products of ablation. For example, in procedures in and around the heart, or within blood vessels, it may be desirable to aspirate the fluid so that it does not flow downstream. In addition, it may be desirable to aspirate small pieces of tissue fragments that are not completely disintegrated by the high frequency energy, or other fluids at the target site, such as blood, mucus, the gaseous products of ablation, etc. Accordingly, the system of the present invention may include one or more suction lumen(s) in the instrument, or on another instrument, coupled to a suitable vacuum source for aspirating fluids from the target site. In some embodiments, the instrument also includes one or more aspiration electrode(s) coupled to the aspiration lumen for inhibiting clogging during aspiration of tissue fragments from the surgical site. A more complete description of these embodiments can be found in commonly assigned co-pending application Ser. No. 09/010,382, filed Jan. 21, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,190,381, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

As an alternative or in addition to suction, it may be desirable to contain the excess electrically conductive fluid, tissue fragments and/or gaseous products of ablation at or near the target site with a containment apparatus, such as a basket, retractable sheath or the like. This embodiment has the advantage of ensuring that the conductive fluid, tissue fragments or ablation products do not flow into the heart or lungs. In addition, it may be desirable to limit the amount of suction to limit the undesirable effect suction may have on hemostasis of severed blood vessels within heart tissue.

The present invention may use a single electrode or an electrode array distributed over a distal contact surface of the electrosurgical instrument. In both configurations, the circumscribed area of the electrode or electrode array will generally depend on the desired diameter of the revascularizing channel. For example, applicant has found that smaller diameter channels tend to remain patent for a shorter period of time than larger diameter channels. Thus, a relatively large diameter channel (on the order of about 1.5 to 3.0 mm) may be desired to improve lumen patency. The ability to select the diameter of the artificial channels is one of the advantages of the present invention over existing laser procedures, which are typically limited by the concentration of light that is required to generate sufficient energy to ablate the tissue during the still or quiescent period of the heart (i.e., about 0.08 seconds). Usually, the area of the electrode array is in the range from 0.25 mm² to 20 mm², preferably from 0.5 mm² to 10 mm² , and more preferably from about 0.5 mm² to 5.0 mm². In addition, the shape of the array and the distal end of the instrument shaft will also depend on the desired surface area of the channel. For example, the ratio of the perimeter of the electrode array to the surface area may be maximized to increase blood flow from the channel to the surrounding myocardial tissue. The electrode or electrodes may take the form of a solid round wire or other solid cross-sectional shapes such as squares, rectangles, hexagons, triangles, star-shaped or the like to provide additional edges around the distal perimeter of the electrodes. Alternatively, the electrode or electrodes may be in the form of hollow metal tubes having a cross-sectional shape which is round, square, hexagonal, rectangular or the like. The envelop or effective diameter of the individual electrode or electrodes ranges from about 0.05 to 3 mm, preferably from about 0.1 to 2 mm.

The electrode array will usually include at least one isolated electrode terminal, and in some embodiments may include at least four electrode terminals, sometimes at least six electrode terminals, and often 50 or more electrode terminals, disposed over the distal contact surfaces on the shaft. By bringing the electrode array(s) on the contact surface(s) in close proximity with the target tissue and applying high frequency voltage between the array(s) and an additional common or return electrode in direct or indirect contact with the patient's body, the target tissue is selectively ablated or cut, permitting selective removal of portions of the target tissue while desirably minimizing the depth of necrosis to surrounding tissue.

As described above, the present invention may use a single active electrode or an electrode array distributed over a distal contact surface of an electrosurgical instrument, such as a probe, a catheter or the like. The electrode array usually includes a plurality of independently current-limited and/or power-controlled electrode terminals to apply electrical energy selectively to the target tissue while limiting the unwanted application of electrical energy to the surrounding tissue and environment resulting from power dissipation into surrounding electrically conductive fluids, such as blood, normal saline, and the like. The electrode terminals may be independently current-limited by isolating the terminals from each other and connecting each terminal to a separate power source that is isolated from the other electrode terminals. Alternatively, the electrode terminals may be connected to each other at either the proximal or distal ends of the probe to form a single wire that couples to a power source.

In one configuration, each individual electrode terminal in the electrode array is electrically insulated from all other electrode terminals in the array within said instrument and is connected to a power source which is isolated from each of the other electrode terminals in the array or to circuitry which limits or interrupts current flow to the electrode terminal when low resistivity material (e.g., blood, electrically conductive saline irrigant or electrically conductive gel) causes a lower impedance path between the return electrode and the individual electrode terminal. The isolated power sources for each individual electrode terminal may be separate power supply circuits having internal impedance characteristics which limit power to the associated electrode terminal when a low impedance return path is encountered. By way of example, the isolated power source may be a user selectable constant current source. In this embodiment, lower impedance paths will automatically result in lower resistive heating levels since the heating is proportional to the square of the operating current times the impedance. Alternatively, a single power source may be connected to each of the electrode terminals through independently actuatable switches, or by independent current limiting elements, such as inductors, capacitors, resistors and/or combinations thereof. The current limiting elements may be provided in the instrument, connectors, cable, controller or along the conductive path from the controller to the distal tip of the instrument. Alternatively, the resistance and/or capacitance may occur on the surface of the active electrode terminal(s) due to oxide layers which form selected electrode terminals (e.g., titanium or a resistive coating on the surface of metal, such as platinum).

The tip region of the instrument may comprise many independent electrode terminals designed to deliver electrical energy in the vicinity of the tip. The selective application of electrical energy to the conductive fluid is achieved by connecting each individual electrode terminal and the return electrode to a power source having independently controlled or current limited channels. The return electrode(s) may comprise a single tubular member of conductive material proximal to the electrode array at the tip which also serves as a conduit for the supply of the electrically conducting fluid between the active and return electrodes. Alternatively, the instrument may comprise an array of return electrodes at the distal tip of the instrument (together with the active electrodes) to maintain the electric current at the tip. The application of high frequency voltage between the return electrode(s) and the electrode array results in the generation of high electric field intensities at the distal tips of the electrode terminals with conduction of high frequency current from each individual electrode terminal to the return electrode. The current flow from each individual electrode terminal to the return electrode(s) is controlled by either active or passive means, or a combination thereof, to deliver electrical energy to the surrounding conductive fluid while minimizing energy delivery to surrounding (non-target) tissue.

The application of a high frequency voltage between the return electrode(s) and the electrode terminal(s) for appropriate time intervals effects cutting, removing, ablating, shaping, contracting or otherwise modifying the target tissue. The tissue volume over which energy is dissipated (i.e., a high current density exists) may be precisely controlled, for example, by the use of a multiplicity of small electrode terminals whose effective diameters or principal dimensions range from about 5 mm to 0.01 mm, preferably from about 2 mm to 0.05 mm, and more preferably from about 1 mm to 0.1 mm. Electrode areas for both circular and non-circular terminals will have a contact area (per electrode terminal) below 25 mm² for electrode arrays and as large as 75 mm² for single electrode embodiments, preferably being in the range from 0.0001 mm² to 1 mm², and more preferably from 0.005 mm² to 0.5 mm². The circumscribed area of the electrode array is in the range from 0.25 mm² to 75 mm² preferably from 0.5 mm² to 40 mm², and will usually include at least one includes, often at least two isolated electrode terminals, often at least five electrode terminals, often greater than 10 electrode terminals and even 50 or more electrode terminals, disposed over the distal contact surfaces on the shaft. The use of small diameter electrode terminals increases the electric field intensity and reduces the extent or depth of tissue heating as a consequence of the divergence of current flux lines which emanate from the exposed surface of each electrode terminal.

The area of the tissue treatment surface can vary widely, and the tissue treatment surface can assume a variety of geometries, with particular areas and geometries being selected for specific applications. The active electrode surface(s) can have area(s) in the range from 0.25 mm² to 75 mm², usually being from about 0.5 mm² to 40 mm². The geometries can be planar, concave, convex, hemispherical, conical, linear “in-line” array or virtually any other regular or irregular shape. Most commonly, the active electrode(s) or electrode terminal(s) will be formed at the distal tip of the electrosurgical instrument shaft, frequently being planar, disk-shaped, or hemispherical surfaces for use in reshaping procedures or being linear arrays for use in cutting. Alternatively or additionally, the active electrode(s) may be formed on lateral surfaces of the electrosurgical instrument shaft (e.g., in the manner of a spatula), facilitating access to certain body structures in endoscopic procedures.

In some embodiments, the electrode support and the fluid outlet may be recessed from an outer surface of the instrument or handpiece to confine the electrically conductive fluid to the region immediately surrounding the electrode support. In addition, the shaft may be shaped so as to form a cavity around the electrode support and the fluid outlet. This helps to assure that the electrically conductive fluid will remain in contact with the electrode terminal(s) and the return electrode(s) to maintain the conductive path therebetween. In addition, this will help to maintain a vapor layer and subsequent plasma layer between the electrode terminal(s) and the tissue at the treatment site throughout the procedure, which reduces the thermal damage that might otherwise occur if the vapor layer were extinguished due to a lack of conductive fluid. Provision of the electrically conductive fluid around the target site also helps to maintain the tissue temperature at desired levels.

The electrically conducting fluid should have a threshold conductivity to provide a suitable conductive path between the return electrode and the electrode terminal(s). The electrical conductivity of the fluid (in units of milliSiemans per centimeter or mS/cm) will usually be greater than 0.2 mS/cm, preferably will be greater than 2 mS/cm and more preferably greater than 10 mS/cm. In an exemplary embodiment, the electrically conductive fluid is isotonic saline, which has a conductivity of about 17 mS/cm.

The voltage difference applied between the return electrode(s) and the electrode terminal(s) will be at high or radio frequency, typically between about 5 kHz and 20 MHz, usually being between about 30 kHz and 2.5 MHz, preferably being between about 50 kHz and 500 kHz, more preferably less than 350 kHz, and most preferably between about 100 kHz and 200 kHz. The RMS (root mean square) voltage applied will usually be in the range from about 5 volts to 1000 volts, preferably being in the range from about 10 volts to 500 volts depending on the electrode terminal size, the operating frequency and the operation mode of the particular procedure or desired effect on the tissue (i.e., contraction, coagulation, cutting or ablation). Typically, the peak-to-peak voltage for ablation or cutting will be in the range of 10 to 2000 volts and preferably in the range of 200 to 1800 volts and more preferably in the range of about 300 to 1500 volts, often in the range of about 500 to 900 volts peak to peak (again, depending on the electrode size, the operating frequency and the operation mode). Lower peak-to-peak voltages will be used for tissue coagulation or collagen contraction and will typically be in the range from 50 to 1500, preferably 100 to 1000 and more preferably 120 to 600 volts peak-to-peak.

As discussed above, the voltage is usually delivered in a series of voltage pulses or alternating current of time varying voltage amplitude with a sufficiently high frequency (e.g., on the order of 5 kHz to 20 MHz) such that the voltage is effectively applied continuously (as compared with e.g., lasers claiming small depths of necrosis, which are generally pulsed about 10 to 20 Hz). In addition, the duty cycle (i.e., cumulative time in any one-second interval that energy is applied) is on the order of about 50% for the present invention, as compared with pulsed lasers which typically have a duty cycle of about 0.0001%. With the above voltage and current ranges, applicant has found that the electrosurgical instrument will usually bore a channel completely through the heart wall in about 0.5 to 20.0 seconds, preferably about 1.0 to 3.0 seconds, in the continuous mode and preferably about 10 to 15 seconds in the pulsed mode. It has been found that channels that are approximately 0.5 to 3.0 mm in diameter and approximately 1 to 4 cm deep may be easily and efficiently formed by this method, and that the revascularization procedure dramatically improves the flow of blood to the heart muscle.

The capability to form the desired channel over a longer period of time significantly reduces the amount of instantaneous power required to complete the channel. By way of example, CO₂ lasers used for LMR typically deliver the power for each channel within an elapsed time of 0.08 seconds. By contrast, the present invention can be used to complete the canalization of the same sized channel within about 1.0 second. As a result, the laser requires about 500 to 700 watts to form a 1 mm diameter channel while the present invention requires {fraction (1/12)} or about 42 to 58 watts to form the same channel. If larger channels are required, the power requirements increase by the square of the ratio of diameters. Hence, to produce a 2 mm channel in 0.08 seconds using a CO₂ laser, the required power will be four-fold higher or 2000 to 2800 watts which requires a very large and very expensive laser. In contrast, the present invention can form a 2 mm diameter channel (of the same length as above) in 1 second with an applied power of about 168 to 232 watts.

The preferred power source of the present invention delivers a high frequency current selectable to generate average power levels ranging from several milliwatts to tens of watts per electrode, depending on the volume of target tissue being heated, and/or the maximum allowed temperature selected for the instrument tip. The power source allows the user to select the voltage level according to the specific requirements of a particular cardiac surgery, arthroscopic surgery, dermatological procedure, ophthalmic procedures, open surgery or other endoscopic surgery procedure. For cardiac procedures, the power source may have an additional filter, for filtering leakage voltages at frequencies below 100 kHz, particularly voltages around 60 kHz. A description of a suitable power source can be found in co-pending patent applications Ser. Nos. 09/058,571 and 09/058,336, filed Apr. 10, 1998, the complete disclosure of both applications are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

The power source may be current limited or otherwise controlled so that undesired heating of the target tissue or surrounding (non-target) tissue does not occur. In a presently preferred embodiment of the present invention, current limiting inductors are placed in series with each independent electrode terminal, where the inductance of the inductor is in the range of 10 uH to 50,000 uH, depending on the electrical properties of the target tissue, the desired tissue heating rate and the operating frequency. Alternatively, capacitor-inductor (LC) circuit structures may be employed, as described previously in U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,909, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, current limiting resistors may be selected. Preferably, these resistors will have a large positive temperature coefficient of resistance so that, as the current level begins to rise for any individual electrode terminal in contact with a low resistance medium (e.g., saline irrigant or blood), the resistance of the current limiting resistor increases significantly, thereby minimizing the power delivery from said electrode terminal into the low resistance medium (e.g., saline irrigant or blood).

In yet another aspect of the invention, the control system is “tuned” so that it will not apply excessive power to the blood (e.g., in the ventricle), once it crosses the wall of the heart and enters the chamber of the left ventricle. This minimizes the formation of a thrombus in the heart (i.e., will not induce thermal coagulation of the blood). The control system may include an active or passive architecture, and will typically include a mechanism for sensing resistance between a pair(s) of active electrodes at the distal tip, or between one or more active electrodes and a return electrode, to sense when the electrode array has entered into the blood-filled chamber of the left ventricle. Alternatively, current limiting means may be provided to prevent sufficient joulean heating in the lower resistivity blood to cause thermal coagulation of the blood. In another alternative embodiment, an ultrasound transducer at the tip of the instrument can be used to detect the boundary between the abnormal tissue layer and healthy underlying tissue.

It should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited to electrically isolated electrode terminals, or even to a plurality of electrode terminals. For example, the array of active electrode terminals may be connected to a single lead that extends through the catheter shaft to a power source of high frequency current. Alternatively, the catheter may incorporate a single electrode that extends directly through the catheter shaft or is connected to a single lead that extends to the power source. The active electrode(s) may have ball shapes (e.g., for tissue vaporization and desiccation), twizzle shapes (for vaporization and needle-like cutting), spring shapes (for rapid tissue debulking and desiccation), twisted metal shapes, annular or solid tube shapes or the like. Alternatively, the electrode(s) may comprise a plurality of filaments, rigid or flexible brush electrode(s) (for debulking a tumor, such as a fibroid, bladder tumor or a prostate adenoma), side-effect brush electrode(s) on a lateral surface of the shaft, coiled electrode(s) or the like.

In one embodiment, an electrosurgical catheter or probe comprises a single active electrode terminal that extends from an insulating member, e.g., ceramic, at the distal end of the shaft. The insulating member is preferably a tubular structure that separates the active electrode terminal from a tubular or annular return electrode positioned proximal to the insulating member and the active electrode. In another embodiment, the catheter or probe includes a single active electrode that can be rotated relative to the rest of the catheter body, or the entire catheter may be rotated related to the lead. The single active electrode can be positioned adjacent the abnormal tissue (e.g., calcified deposits) and energized and rotated as appropriate to remove this tissue.

Referring to the drawings in detail, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, an electrosurgical system 11 is shown in FIG. 1 constructed according to the principles of the present invention. Electrosurgical system 11 generally comprises an electrosurgical instrument or probe or catheter 10 connected to a power supply 28 for providing high frequency voltage to electrosurgical instrument 10 and a fluid source 21 provided for supplying electrically conducting fluid 50 to probe 10.

In an exemplary embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, electrosurgical probe 10 includes an elongated shaft 13 which may be flexible or rigid, with flexible shafts optionally including support cannulas or other structures (not shown). It will be recognized that the probe shown in FIG. 1 will generally be employed in open or thoracoscopic procedures through intercostal penetrations in the patient. For endoluminal procedures into the ventricle, a delivery catheter 200 (FIGS. 6 and 11) will typically be employed, as discussed below. Probe 10 includes a connector 19 at its proximal end and an array 12 of electrode terminals 58 disposed on the distal tip of shaft 13. A connecting cable 34 has a handle 22 with a connector 20 which can be removably connected to connector 19 of probe 10. The proximal portion of cable 34 has a connector 26 to removably couple probe 10 to power supply 28. The electrode terminals 58 are electrically isolated from each other and each of the terminals 58 is connected to an active or passive control network within power supply 28 by means of a plurality of individually insulated conductors 42 (see FIG. 2A). Power supply 28 has a selection means 30 to change the applied voltage level. Power supply 28 also includes means for energizing the electrodes 58 of probe 10 through the depression of a pedal 39 in a foot pedal 37 positioned close to the user. The foot pedal 37 may also include a second pedal (not shown) for remotely adjusting the voltage level applied to electrodes 58. The specific design of a power supply which may be used with the electrosurgical probe of the present invention is described in parent application PCT US 94/051168, the full disclosure of which has previously been incorporated herein by reference.

Referring to FIGS. 2A and 2B, the electrically isolated electrode terminals 58 are spaced-apart over an electrode array surface 82. The electrode array surface 82 and individual electrode terminals 58 will usually have dimensions within the ranges set forth above. In the preferred embodiment, the electrode array surface 82 has a circular cross-sectional shape with a diameter D (FIG. 2B) in the range from 0.3 mm to 4 mm. Electrode array surface 82 may also have an oval or rectangular shape, having a length L in the range of 1 mm to 20 mm and a width W in the range from 0.3 mm to 7 mm, as shown in FIG. 8 (discussed below). The individual electrode terminals 58 will protrude over the electrode array surface 82 by a distance (H) from 0 mm to 2 mm, preferably from 0 mm to 1 mm (see FIG. 2A).

The electrode terminals 58 are preferably composed of a electrically conductive metal or alloy, such as platinum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, niobium, stainless steel, and the like. A preferred material for terminals 58 is tungsten because of its known bicompatibility and resistance to erosion under the application of high voltages. As shown in FIG. 2B, the electrode terminals 58 are anchored in a support matrix 48 of suitable insulating material (e.g., ceramic, glass/ceramic, or glass material, such as alumina, silica glass and the like) which could be formed at the time of manufacture in a flat, hemispherical or other shape according to the requirements of a particular procedure. In an exemplary embodiment, the support matrix 48 will comprise an inorganic insulator, such as ceramic, glass, glass/ceramic or a high resistivity material, such as silicon or the like. An inorganic material is generally preferred for the construction of the support matrix 48 since organic or silicone based polymers are known to rapidly erode during sustained periods of the application of high voltages between electrode terminals 58 and the return electrode 56 during tissue ablation. However, for situations in which the total cumulative time of applied power is less than about one minute, organic or silicone based polymers may be used without significant erosion and loss of material of the support matrix 48 and, therefore, without significant reduction in ablation performance.

As shown in FIG. 2A, the support matrix 48 is adhesively joined to support member 9, which extends most or all of the distance between matrix 48 and the proximal end of probe 10. In a particularly preferred construction technique, support matrix 48 comprises a plurality of glass or ceramic hollow tubes 400 (FIG. 2D) extending from the distal end of shaft 13. In this embodiment, electrode terminals 58 are each inserted into the front end of one of the hollow tubes 400 and adhered to the hollow tubes 400 so that the terminals 58 extend distally from each hollow tube 400 by the desired distance, H. The terminals 58 are preferably bonded to the hollow tubes 400 by a sealing material 402 (e.g., epoxy) selected to provide effective electrical insulation, and good adhesion to both the hollow tubes 400 and the electrode terminals 58. Alternatively, hollow tubes 400 may be comprised of a glass having a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of electrode terminal 58 and may be sealed around the electrode terminal 58 by raising the temperature of the glass tube to its softening point according to the procedures commonly used to manufacture glass-to-metal seals. Referring to FIG. 2D, lead wires 406, such as insulation 408 covered copper wires, are inserted through the back end of the hollow tubes 400 and coupled to the terminals 58 with a suitable conductive adhesive 404. The glass tube/electrode terminal assembly is then placed into the distal end of support member 9 to form the electrode array as shown in FIG. 2E. Alternatively, the lead wire 406 and electrode terminal 58 may be constructed of a single wire (e.g., stainless steel or nickel alloy) with insulation 408 removed over the length of the wire inserted into the hollow tube 400. As before, sealing material 402 is used to seal annular gaps between hollow tube 400 and electrode terminal 58 and to adhesively join electrode terminal 58 to hollow tube 400. Other features of construction are discussed above and shown in FIG. 2E.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, probe 10 includes a return electrode 56 for completing the current path between electrode terminals 58 and power supply 28. Shaft 13 preferably comprises an electrically conducting material, usually metal, which is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel alloys, platinum or its alloys, titanium or its alloys, molybdenum or its alloys, and nickel or its alloys. The return electrode 56 may be composed of the same metal or alloy which forms the electrode terminals 58 to minimize any potential for corrosion or the generation of electrochemical potentials due to the presence of dissimilar metals contained within an electrically conductive fluid 50, such as isotonic saline (discussed in greater detail below).

As shown in FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C, return electrode 56 extends from the proximal end of probe 10, where it is suitably connected to power supply 28 via connectors 19, 20, to a point slightly proximal of electrode array surface 82, typically about 0.5 to 10 mm and more preferably about 1 to 10 mm. Shaft 13 is disposed within an electrically insulative jacket 18, which is typically formed as one or more electrically insulative sheaths or coatings, such as polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, and the like. The provision of the electrically insulative jacket 18 over shaft 13 prevents direct electrical contact between shaft 13 and any adjacent body structure or the surgeon. Such direct electrical contact between a body structure and an exposed return electrode 56 could result in unwanted heating and necrosis of the structure at the point of contact causing necrosis.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2A-2C, return electrode 56 is not directly connected to electrode terminals 58. To complete this current path so that terminals 58 are electrically connected to return electrode 56 via target tissue 52, electrically conducting fluid 50 (e.g., isotonic saline) is caused to flow along fluid paths 83. A fluid path 83 is formed by annular gap 54 between outer return electrode 56 and tubular support member 78. An additional fluid path 83 may be formed between an optional inner lumen 57 within an inner tubular member 59. The electrically conducting fluid 50 flowing through fluid paths 83 provides a pathway for electrical current flow between target tissue 52 and return electrode 56, as illustrated by the current flux lines 60 in FIG. 2A. When a voltage difference is applied between electrode array 12 and return electrode 56, high electric field intensities will be generated at the distal tips of terminals 58 with current flow from array 12 through the target tissue to the return electrode, the high electric field intensities causing ablation of tissue 52 in zone 88.

FIG. 2C illustrates the proximal or connector end 70 of probe 10 in the embodiment of FIGS. 2A and 2B. Connector 19 comprises a plurality of individual connector pins 74 positioned within a housing 72 at the proximal end 70 of probe 10. Electrode terminals 58 and the attached insulating conductors 42 extend proximally to connector pins 74 in connector housing 72. Return electrode 56 extends into housing 72, where it bends radially outward to exit probe 10. As shown in FIG. 1, a fluid supply tube 15 removably couples fluid source 21, (e.g., a bag of electrically conductive fluid elevated above the surgical site or having a pumping device), with return electrode 56. Preferably, an insulating jacket 14 covers the exposed portions of electrode 56. One of the connector pins 76 is electrically connected to return electrode 56 to couple electrode 56 to power supply 28 via cable 34. A manual control valve 17 may also be provided between the proximal end of electrode 56 and supply tube 15 to allow the surgical team to regulate the flow of electrically conducting fluid 50.

FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B illustrate another preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the probe does not include a fluid channel for directing electrically conducting fluid to the target site. Applicant has found that the fluids in the patient's heart tissue, such as blood, usually have a sufficient amount of electrical conductivity to complete the electrical path between the active electrode array and the return electrodes. In addition, these fluids will often have the requisite properties discussed above for establishing a vapor layer, creating regions of high electric fields around the edges of electrode terminals 58 and inducing the discharge of energetic electrons and photons from the vapor layer to the surface of the target tissue to effect ablation.

As shown in FIG. 3, electrosurgical probe 100 has a shaft 102 with an exposed distal end 104 and a proximal end (not shown) similar to the proximal end shown in FIG. 2C. Aside from exposed distal end 104, which functions as the return electrode in this embodiment, the entire shaft 102 is preferably covered with an electrically insulative jacket 106, which is typically formed as one or more electrically insulative sheaths or coatings, such as polyester, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, and the like, to prevent direct electrical contact between shaft 102 and any adjacent body structure or the surgeon. Similar to the previous embodiment, probe 100 includes an array 108 of active electrode terminals 110 having substantially the same applied potential. Terminals 110 extend from the an insulating inorganic matrix 112 attached to distal end 104 of shaft 102. As discussed above, matrix 112 is only shown schematically in the drawings, and preferably comprises an array of glass or ceramic tubes extending from distal end 104 or is a ceramic spacer through which electrode terminals 110 extend.

The electrode array may have a variety of different configurations other than the one shown in FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the distal end of the shaft 102 and/or the insulating matrix may have a substantially rectangular shape with rounded corners so as to maximize the perimeter length to cross-sectional area ratio of the distal tip of the probe. As shown, electrode array surface 120 has a rectangular shape having a width in the range of 2 mm to 5 mm and a height in the range of 1 mm to 2 mm. Increasing the perimeter of the artificial channel may have advantages in revascularizing tissue because the blood flowing through the artificial channel will have a greater area to pass into the tissue for a given cross-sectional area. Thus, this configuration is a more efficient method of increasing blood flow to a region of tissue.

In another embodiment, the return electrode is positioned on the front or distal face of the probe. This configuration inhibits current flow within the tissue on the sides of probe as it forms the revascularizing channel. In one configuration, for example (shown in FIG. 9), the electrode array surface 122 includes multiple pairs of electrodes, with each pair of electrodes including an active electrode 126 and a return electrode 128. Thus, as shown, the high frequency current passes between the pairs across the distal surface 122 of the probe. In another configuration (shown in FIG. 10), the return or common electrode 130 is positioned in the center of the distal probe surface 132 and the active electrodes 134 are positioned at its perimeter. In this embodiment, the electrosurgical current will flow between active electrodes 134 at the perimeter of distal surface 132 and return electrode 130 at its center to form the revascularizing channel. This allows the surgeon to more precisely control the diameter of the revascularizing channel because the current will generally flow radially the outer electrodes 134 and the return electrode 130. For this reason, electrodes 134 will preferably be positioned on the perimeter of distal surface 132 (i.e., further radially outward than shown in FIG. 10A) to avoid tearing of non-ablated tissue by the perimeter of the probe shaft.

FIG. 6 illustrates yet another embodiment of an electrosurgical probe 100′ according to the present invention. In this embodiment, the distal tip of the probe has a conical shape and includes an array of active electrodes along the conical surface 140. A conical shape provides less resistance to the advancement of the probe through dense tissue. As shown in FIG. 6, insulating matrix 142 tapers in the distal direction to form conical distal surface 140. The electrode array 144 extends from distal surface 140, with each electrode terminal 146 arranged to protrude axially from the conical surface 140 (i.e., rather than protruding perpendicularly from the surface 140). With this configuration, the electrodes 146 do not extend radially outward from the conical surface 140, which reduces the risk of electric current flowing radially outward to heart tissue surrounding the revascularizing channel. In addition, the high electric field gradients generated by the electric current concentrate near the active electrode surfaces and taper further away from these surfaces. Therefore, this configuration places these high electric field gradients within the diameter of the desired channel to improve ablation of the channel, while minimizing ablation of tissue outside of the desired channel.

FIG. 5 illustrates a preferred delivery catheter 200 for introducing an electrosurgical probe 202 through a percutaneous penetration in the patient, and endoluminally delivering probe 202 to the target site (e.g., a ventricle of the heart as detail below). Catheter 200 generally includes a shaft 206 having a proximal end 208 and a distal end 210. Catheter 200 includes a handle 204 secured to proximal end 208 of shaft, and preferably a deflectable tip 212 coupled to distal end 210 of shaft 206. Probe 202 extends from proximal end, preferably by a distance of about 100 to 200 cm . Handle 204 includes a variety of actuation mechanisms for manipulating tip 212 within the patient's heart, such as a tip actuation slide 214 and a torque ring 216, as well as an electrical connector 218. Catheter shaft 206 will generally define one or more inner lumens 220, and one or more manipulator wires and electrical connections (not shown)extending through the lumens to probe 202.

With reference to FIGS. 11-22, methods for increasing the blood flow to the heart through a transmyocardial revascularization procedure to form artificial channels through the heart wall to perfuse the myocardium will now be described. This procedure is an alternative to coronary artery bypass surgery for treating coronary artery disease. The channels allow oxygen enriched blood flowing into the ventricular cavity to directly flow into the myocardium rather than exiting the heart and then flowing back into the myocardium through the coronary arteries.

As shown in FIG. 11, electrosurgical probe 202 is positioned into the left ventricular cavity 258 of the heart. Electrosurgical probe 202 may be introduced into the left ventricle 250 in a variety of procedures that are well known in the art, such as a percutaneous, minimally invasive procedures. In the representative embodiment, probe 202 is introduced into the vasculature of the patient through a percutaneous penetration 360 and axially translated via delivery catheter 200 through one of the major vessels, such as the femoral artery 346, through the aorta 254 to the left ventricular cavity 258. A viewing scope (not shown) may also be introduced through a percutaneous position to a position suitable for viewing the target location in the left ventricle 258.

Once positioned within the patient's ventricle 258, probe 202 is aligned with the heart wall 260 to form one or more artificial channels 264 for increasing blood flow to the myocardium 262. As shown in FIG. 14, the channels 264 will preferably extend from the endocardium 266 a desired distance through the myocardium 262 without perforating the exterior of the epicardium 268 to inhibit blood from flowing into the thoracic cavity. Preferably, the surgeon will employ a detection or instrument guidance system 350, (discussed below in reference to FIGS. 16, 18, 19 and 20) on probe 202, or another instrument, to determine when the probe is near the outer surface of the epicardium 268. The location of channels 264 may be selected based on familiar endocardial anatomic landmarks. Alternatively, instrument guide system 350 may be used to select target sites on the heart wall, as discussed below.

As shown in FIG. 14, guide catheter 200 is positioned adjacent the inner endocardial wall and probe 202 is axially translated so that the active electrode 270 at its distal end is positioned proximate the heart tissue. In this embodiment, the probe 202 includes a single, annular electrode 270 at its distal tip for ablation of the heart tissue. However, it will be readily recognized that the probe may include an array of electrode terminals as described in detail above. While viewing the region with an endoscope (not shown), voltage can be applied from power supply 28 (see FIG. 1) between active electrode 270 and annular return electrode 272. The boring of channel 264 is achieved by engaging active electrode 270 against the heart tissue or positioning active electrode 270 in close proximity to the heart tissue while simultaneously applying voltage from power supply 28 and axially displacing probe 202 through channel 264. To complete the current path between the active and return electrodes 270, 272, electrically conducting irrigant (e.g., isotonic saline) will preferably be delivered from fluid supply 21 through annular fluid path 274 between return electrode 272 and tubular shaft 200 to the target site. Alternatively, the site may already be submerged in fluid, or the fluid may be delivered through another instrument. The electrically conducting fluid provides a pathway for electrical current flow between the heart tissue and return electrode 272, as illustrated by the current flux lines 278 in FIG. 15.

FIG. 15 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the probe of FIG. 14. In this embodiment, the probe 280 includes a central lumen 282 having a proximal end attached to a suitable vacuum source (not shown) and an open distal end 286 for aspirating the target site. To complete the current path between the active electrode 270 and return electrode 272, electrically conducting irrigant (e.g., isotonic saline) will preferably be delivered from fluid supply 21 (shown in FIG. 1) through annular fluid path 274 between return electrode 272 and tubular shaft 200 to the target site. The active electrode is preferably a single annular electrode 288 surrounding the open distal end 286 of central lumen 282. Central lumen 282 is utilized to remove the ablation products (e.g., fluids and gases) generated at the target site and excess electrically conductive irrigant during the procedure.

An alternative embodiment of the percutaneous, endocardial canalization approach is shown in FIG. 23. In this embodiment, electrosurgical catheter 100 can be guided by the surgeon or surgical assistant during the canalization of channel 264 using external handpiece 340 shown in FIG. 11. In this embodiment, the distal portion of the electrosurgical catheter 100 can be caused to follow a curved path to effect a curved artificial channel 264′. By forming a curved artificial channel 264′, the total surface area of the artificial channel can be extended so that said channel is longer than the total thickness L₉ of the heart wall 260. In addition, by forming a curved artificial channel 264′ of proper curvature as shown in FIG. 23, the penetration of the epicardium 268 can be avoided. Still further, the curved artificial channel 264′ can be continued forming a complete “U” shaped channel which reenters the ventricular cavity 258 providing one continuous channel which penetrates the endocardium at two locations but does not penetrate through the epicardium 268.

FIG. 12 illustrates a thoracoscopic procedure for revascularizing the myocardium from the outer wall or epicardium 268 inward to the endocardium 266. At least one intercostal penetration is made in the patient for introduction of electrosurgical probe 100 (FIG. 3) into the thoracic cavity 302. The term “intercostal penetration” as used herein refers to any penetration, in the form of a small cut, incision, hole or cannula, trocar sleeve or the like, through the chest wall between two adjacent ribs which does not require cutting, removing, or significantly displacing or retracting the ribs or sternum. Usually, the intercostal penetration will require a puncture or incision of less than about 5 cm in length. Preferably, the intercostal penetration will be a trocar sleeve 300 having a length in the range from about 2-15 cm , and an internal diameter in the range from 1 to 15 mm, commonly known as thoracic trocars. Suitable trocar sleeves are available from United States Surgical Corp. of Norwalk, Conn., under the brand name “Thoracoport”™. A viewing scope (not shown) may also be introduced through a trocar sleeve to a position suitable for viewing the target location on the heart wall 260. A viewing scope (not shown) may also be introduced through the same or another intercostal penetration into the thoracic cavity 302 to a position suitable for viewing the target location 360 on the surface of the epicardium 268 of the heart. The viewing scope can be a conventional laparoscope or thoracoscope, which typically comprise a rigid elongated tube containing a lens system and an eyepiece or camera mount at the proximal end of the tube. A small video camera is preferably attached to the camera mount and connected to a video monitor to provide a video image of the procedure. This type of scope is commercially available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, Ill. or United States Surgical Corporation of Norwalk, Conn.

As shown in FIG. 13, one or more artificial channels 264 are formed by the electrosurgical probe 100 from the outer wall or epicardium 268 through the myocardium 262 and the inner wall or endocardium 266 into the ventricular cavity 258. Similar to the above described method, electrode array 108 is positioned in close proximity to the heart tissue while simultaneously applying voltage from power supply 28 and axially displacing probe 100 through channel 264. In this embodiment, however, electrically conducting fluid is not supplied to the target site to complete the current path between the active electrode terminals 110 and return electrode 102. Applicant has found that the fluids in the patient's heart tissue, such as blood, usually have a sufficient amount of electrical conductivity to complete the electrical path between the active electrode array and the return electrodes. In addition, these fluids will often have the requisite properties discussed above for establishing a vapor layer and inducing the discharge of energetic electrons and photons from the vapor layer to the surface of the target tissue as well as the creation of high electric fields to effect the ablation of tissue.

To inhibit blood from flowing through channels 264 into the thoracic cavity, the channels 264 will preferably be sealed at the epicardium 268 as soon as possible after they have been formed. One method for sealing the artificial channel 264 at the epicardium 268 is to insert a collagen hemostasis device 480 (shown in FIG. 21) using a trocar 300, a cannula 484 and a syringe-like delivery system 486. The collagen, unaffected by antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents that may be present in the patient's blood stream, attracts and activates platelets from the blood 482, rapidly forming a “glue”-like plug near the surface of the epicardium 268 of the newly formed channel 264. Suitable collagen hemostasis devices are available from Datascope Corporation, Montval, N.J. under the brand name “VasoSeal™”. The deployment of the collagen hemostasis device 480 is accomplished with the aid of a viewing scope (not shown) which may also be introduced through a trocar sleeve to a position suitable for viewing the target location on the heart wall 260.

To facilitate this sealing procedure, the electrosurgical probe 354 will preferably include a guidance system 350 (FIG. 16) for determining when the probe is close to the inner surface of the endocardium 266 so that the surgeon can prepare to withdraw probe 100 and seal the channel 264.

In both of the above embodiments, the present invention provides localized ablation or disintegration of heart tissue to form a revascularization channel 264 of controlled diameter and depth. Usually, the diameter will be in the range of 0.5 mm to 3 mm, preferably between about 1 to 2 mm. Preferably, the radio frequency voltage will be in the range of 300 to 2400 volts peak-to-peak to provide controlled rates of tissue ablation and hemostasis while minimizing the depth of necrosis of tissue surrounding the desired channel. This voltage will typically be applied continuously throughout the procedure until the desired length of the channel 264 is completely formed. However, the heartbeat may be monitored and the voltage applied in pulses that are suitably timed with the contractions (systole) of the heart.

Ablation of the tissue may be facilitated by axially reciprocating and/or rotating the electrosurgical probe a distance of between about 1 to 5 mm. This axial reciprocation or rotation allows the electrically conducting fluid (FIG. 14) to flow over the tissue surface being canalized, thereby cooling this tissue and preventing significant thermal damage to the surrounding tissue cells.

FIG. 16 illustrates one representative guidance system 350 for guiding an electrosurgical probe 354 to target sites on the heart wall. Guidance system 350 is provided for detecting an “end point” for each artificial channel and/or for determining appropriate target sites on the heart wall for forming the artificial channels. The instrument guidance system 350 will preferably allow a surgeon to determine when the electrosurgical probe 354 (or an electrosurgical catheter) is near the other end of the heart wall (i.e., the outer edge of the epicardium or the inner edge of the endocardium). The guidance system 350 indicates to the surgeon to stop axially translating the probe 354 so that the probe does not form a channel completely through a heart wall, which limits bleeding and/or reduces damage to surrounding tissue structures or blood. Alternatively or in addition, the guidance system 354 will allow the surgeon to determine an appropriate target site 360 on the heart wall to form the channel to avoid accidental puncturing of relatively large vessels in the heart wall.

In one embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the instrument guidance system 350 includes a fiberoptic viewing cable 356 within electrosurgical probe 354, and a visible light generator 358, such as a laser beam, integral with the probe for illuminating a target site 360 on the heart wall. Note that both light generator 358 and fiberoptic cable 356 may be coupled to an instrument other than probe 354. The fiberoptic viewing cable 356 sites the target site 360 illuminated by the visible light generator 358 to locate where the probe 354 will bore the hole. This allows the surgeon to avoid puncturing larger blood vessels 362 on the heart wall (e.g., coronary arteries or veins). Visible light generator 358 may also be used to determine when the distal end 364 of probe 354 is close to the opposite side of the heart wall, or when the probe 354 has completely penetrated through the heart wall into the ventricular cavity 258.

In a second embodiment, the detection system is an ultrasound guidance system that transmits sound waves onto the heart wall to facilitate canalization of the heart.

Referring to FIGS. 18 and 19, an ultrasound tissue thickness measuring system may be incorporated within the electrosurgical catheter 100 or guide tube 200 to measure the thickness of the heart wall 260 adjacent to the distal probe tip 270 and thereby allow the surgeon to pre-set the depth of each channel using adjustable stop 352 on handpiece 340 (FIG. 11) before energizing the electrosurgical catheter 100 and ablating the heart tissue. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 18, an ultrasonic transducer 310 affixed to the distal end of guide tube 200 and connected to an external ultrasonic generator and sensing system (not shown) via lead 312, transmits pulses of ultrasound into the heart tissue in the form of emitted ultrasound signal 314 and the ultrasound generator and sensing system measures the delay time for reflected ultrasound signal 316 to return from the boundary of the heart wall at the surface of epicardium 268. This delay time can be translated into a thickness of the entire heart wall and allow the surgeon to adjust the maximum travel distance of electrosurgical catheter 100 using mechanical stop 352 (FIG. 11) to prevent the length of channel 264 from extending through the outer surface of the epicardium 268. The surgeon can choose to stop the canalization of the heart at any selected distance of the epicardium which may typically be in the range from about 1 mm to 10mm.

A third embodiment is shown in FIG. 19 wherein an ultrasonic transducer 310 is affixed to the distal end of electrosurgical catheter 100 and connected to an external ultrasonic generator and sensing system (not shown) via leads 312, and transmits pulses of ultrasound into the heart tissue in the form of emitted ultrasound signal 314. The ultrasound generator and sensing system measures the delay time for reflected ultrasound signal 316 to return from the boundary of the heart wall at the surface of epicardium 268. This measured delay time can be translated into the distance between the distal tip 270 of electrosurgical catheter 100 and the surface of the epicardium 268. In this arrangement, the surgeon can observe where the channel 264 reaches the preferred distance from the epicardium 268 and interrupt the application of power and advancement of electrosurgical catheter 100. Alternatively, the preferred minimum thickness of the uncanalized heart wall 260 (i.e., the minimum distance from the bottom of channel 264 to the surface of the epicardium 268) can be preselected by the surgeon. When this distance is reached based on the thickness of the uncanalized heart wall measured using the ultrasonic generator and sensor system (now shown), the ultrasonic generator and sensor system provides an electrical signal to the power source for the electrosurgical catheter 100 to interrupt the applied voltage, thereby ending the canalization process and limiting the depth of channel formed. In this manner, the surgeon may hear an audible tone and will “feel” the catheter advancement stop at the moment the applied voltage is interrupted.

A fourth embodiment is shown in FIG. 20 in which electrosurgical catheter 100 includes a small diameter tissue electrical impedance measurement sensor 319 which extends distal to the tissue ablating electrode array 270 by a distance L₆. The impedance measurement sensor 319 detects the outer surface of the epicardium 268 as it enters a region of different electrical impedance (viz, the fluid-filled cavity surrounding the heart). In the present embodiment, sensor tip 320 may include a first impedance measurement electrode 321 and a second impedance measurement electrode 323. A small, high-frequency potential is applied between first and second impedance measurement electrodes 321 and 323 causing current flow between first and second impedance measurement electrodes 321 and 323 as indicated by current flux lines 322. As the first and second electrodes 321 and 323 emerge from the epicardium 268 into cavity 318 surrounding the heart, the change in the electrical impedance is measured and may be indicated by an audible signal and/or may be used as a direct feedback control signal to interrupt the application of voltage to the electrosurgical catheter 100 by generator 28 (FIG. 1). By this method, the forward advancement of the electrosurgical catheter 100 can be limited to a preselected distance L₆ between the bottom of channel 264 and the surface of the epicardium 268.

In a fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the guidance system utilizes impedance measurement circuitry integrated with the ablating electrodes 110 to detect when the electrosurgical catheter probe 100 is adjacent blood vessels and/or the outer or inner boundaries of the heart wall. Specifically, the current limiting circuitry includes a number of impedance monitors coupled to each electrode terminal to determine the impedance between the individual electrode terminal 110 and the return of common electrode 102. Thus, for example, if the measured impedance suddenly decreases at electrode terminals 110 at the tip of the probe 100, the applied voltage will be interrupted to avoid power delivery to blood filled ventricular cavity 258 of the heart, thereby avoiding formation of a thrombus or damage to other tissue structures within the ventricular cavity 258.

FIG. 17 illustrates a method for implanting a luminal prosthesis, such as a stent or stent-graft 370, into the artificial channels 264 formed by one of the electrosurgical probes or catheters of the present invention to maintain the patency of these channels 264. The stents 370 are usually compressed into a narrow-diameter configuration (not shown), and advanced endoluminally to one of the artificial channels 264 in the heart wall with a conventional or specialized delivery catheter (not shown). Alternatively, the electrosurgical probe may be designed to delivery and implant the stents 370 at the target site. The stents 370 will typically comprise a resilient, radially compressible, tubular frame 372 having a proximal end 374, a distal end 376, and an axial lumen 380 therebetween. The tubular frame 372 includes a plurality of openings or slots (not shown) that allow it to be expanded radially outward into the enlarged configuration shown in FIG. 17 by conventional methods, such as shape memory alloys, expandable balloons, and the like. The stent 370 exerts a radial force against the inner channel walls 382 to maintain lumen patency and/or mechanically augment luminal wall strength, thereby maintaining the blood flow from the ventricular cavity to the myocardium. The stent 370 may also include a graft or liner 384 for inhibiting cell proliferation and occlusion through the openings and slots of frame 372.

In a first embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the stent 370 is introduced into the artificial channel 264 during a percutaneous procedure as illustrated in FIG. 11. in this embodiment, the length of each channel 264 and hence the length of each stent 370 extends only partially through the entire thickness of heart wall 260.

In a second embodiment shown in FIG. 22, the stent is introduced into the artificial channel 264 during a thoracoscopic procedure as illustrated in FIG. 12. In this embodiment, the length of each artificial channel 264 extends completely through the heart wall 260 to allow the blood within the ventricular cavity 258 to circulate within the majority of the length of the artificial channel 264. However, in this embodiment, the stent 370 is placed in the distal portion of the artificial channel 264 as shown in FIG. 22 extending to the endocardium 266 to maintain patency of the artificial channel 264 over length L₇ of heart wall 260. Following insertion and deployment of stent 370, the proximal portion of artificial channel 264 may be sealed using collagen hemostasis device 480, or the like, as described hereinbefore related to FIG. 21 using a cannula 484 and syringe-like delivery system 486 as shown in FIG. 21. The collagen hemostasis device 480 attracts and activates platelets from the blood 482, rapidly forming a “glue”-like plug near the surface of the epicardium 268 of the newly formed artificial channel 264. Alternatively, a collagen hemostasis device may be deployed through a central lumen 59 integral with the electrosurgical probe or catheter as illustrated in FIG. 2A. The collagen hemostasis device can be compressed to fit within a lumen 59 whose diameter is smaller than that of the artificial channel 264. When ejected form the confining lumen 59, the collagen hemostasis device 480 expands to fill the full diameter of the artificial channel 264 over length L₈ as shown in FIG. 22. Also, such a system for the deployment of a collagen hemostasis device 480 or the like may be integrated with the electrosurgical catheter 100 used for the percutaneous canalization of artificial channels 264 according to method illustrated in FIG. 11. Referring to FIGS. 2A, 11 and 22, in a percutaneous approach using this sealing method, the artificial channel 264 would be formed through the entire thickness of the heart wall 260. Once the surface of the epicardium 268 is penetrated, the position of the tip 202 of the electrosurgical catheter 100 is retracted a distance L₈. Next, a collagen hemostasis device 480 or the like is deployed from the central lumen 59 of electrosurgical catheter 100. When ejected from the confining lumen 59, collagen hemostasis device 480 expands to fill the full diameter of the artificial channel 264 over length L₈ as shown in FIG. 22 to effect a seal to prevent blood loss through the opening in the epicardium 268. Alternatively, suturing techniques may be employed, either percutaneously, thoracoscopically or in an open chest procedure to seal the opening of the artificial channels at the surface of the epicardium 268.

The stent frame 372 of the present invention is typically manufactured from a tubular material, such as tubing made out of shape memory alloy having elastic or pseudo-elastic properties, such as Nitinol™, Elgiloy™, or the like. Alternatively, the stent frame may comprise malleable materials other than shape memory alloys, such as stainless steel. In this configuration, the stent frames will preferably be expanded at the target site by conventional methods, e.g., an expandable balloon at the distal end of a catheter shaft. The tubular member is usually significantly smaller in diameter as compared to the final diameter of the stent in the expanded configuration within the body lumen. Slots may be cut into the tubes via laser cutting methods, photo etching, or other conventional methods to form the separate stent frames. For example, these methods include coating the external surface of a tube with photoresist material, optically exposing the etch pattern using a laser beam while translating and rotating the part, and then chemically etching the desired slot pattern of the state using conventional techniques. A description of this technique can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,421,955 to Lau, the complete disclosure which is incorporated herein by reference. In other methods, laser cutting technology is used in conjunction with computer controlled stages to directly cut a pattern of slots in the wall of the hypodermic tubing to obtain the desired stent geometry. A description of a typical laser cutting method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,345,057 to Muller, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In an exemplary configuration, the stent frame 372 is formed from a resilient shape memory alloy material that is capable of being deformed by an applied stress, and then recovering to its original unstressed shape. The alloy material will usually exhibit thermoelastic behavior so that the stents will transform to the original unstressed state upon the application of heat (i.e., an A_(f) temperature below body temperature). The stents may also exhibit stress-induced martensite, in which the martensite state is unstable and the prosthesis transforms back to the original state when a constraint has been moved (i.e., when the stent is released from an introducing catheter within a body lumen). The material for the shape memory alloy will be selected according to the characteristics desired of the population of prostheses. Preferably, the shape memory alloy will comprise a nickel titanium based alloy (i.e., Nitinol™), which may include additional elements which affect the characteristics of the prosthesis, such as the temperature at which the shape transformation occurs. For example, the alloy may incorporate additional metallic elements, such as copper, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, iron or the like.

It should be noted that the stents 370 described above and shown in FIGS. 17 and 22 are only representative of the lumenal prostheses that may be used with the present invention. The present invention may incorporate a variety of representative conventional stent structures made from metallic tubular materials that are currently marketed as implants for coronary, peripheral, biliary and other vessels including the Palmaz-Schatz™ balloon expandable stent, manufactured by Johnson and Johnson Interventional Systems, Co. and the Memotherm™ stent manufactured by Angiomed, a division of C.R. Bard, Inc. Other stent or graft designs that can be incorporated into the present invention include a coiled structure, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,505 to Limon, an open mesh or weave stent structure formed of helically wound and/or braided strands or filaments of a resilient material, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,757 to Heyn, a filament knitted into a mesh cylinder, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,457 to Andersen, a tubular structure having diamond shaped openings, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,399 to Lau or U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,261 to Palmaz, Z-shaped stents as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,824 to Gianturco, continuous wire stents, such as the one described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,331 to Boneau, stents formed of filaments that are wound into spiral or other suitable shapes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,471 to Fountaine, a continuous helix of zig-zag wire and loops described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,405,377 to Cragg and a variety of other types of stents.

FIG. 24 is a frontal view of a right knee joint 400 with the patella removed to illustrate the medial and lateral meniscus 402, 404, respectively. As shown, the meniscus 402, 404 is a C-shaped piece of fibrocartilage located at the peripheral aspect of the knee joint 400 the femur 406 and the tibia 408. The majority of the meniscus tissue has very little blood (particularly the inner portions of the meniscus). For that reason, when damaged, the meniscus is unable to undergo the normal healing process that occurs in most of the rest of the body. In addition, with age, the meniscus begins to deteriorate, often developing degenerative tears. Typically, when the meniscus is damaged, the torn pieces begins to move in an abnormal fashion inside the joint. Because the space between the bones of the joint is very small, as the abnormally mobile piece of meniscal tissue (meniscal fragment) moves, it may become caught between the bones of the joint (femur and tibia). When this happens, the knee becomes painful, swollen and difficult to move.

The peripheral portion of the meniscus, termed the menisco-capsular junction 410, does have a blood supply. Accordingly, the present invention provides systems and methods for revascularizing the inner portion of the meniscus by forming artificial channels or lumens from the menisco-capsular junction 410 to the inner aspect of the meniscus 402, 404. This procedure may be performed alone, or in combination with other arthroscopic procedures, such as a meniscus repair. For example, in meniscus repair procedures, implants are often used for arthroscopic fixation of meniscus lesions. A longitudinal vertical (“bucket-handle”) meniscus lesion 420 is shown in FIG. 25. In one conventional procedure, a longitudinal implant 422 is inserted across the lesion 420 to hold the inner and outer portions of the lesion 420 together. The implant 422 typically comprises a resorbable material that is absorbed into the body after the meniscus has healed. One suitable implant is called the Meniscus Arrow™ and is commercially available from Bionx Impants, Inc. of Blue Bell, Pa.

According to one method of the present invention, the meniscus 402, 404 is revascularized in conjunction with the repair procedures. Specifically, artificial channels and/or lumens are created from the inner aspect 430 to the outer aspect 432 of the meniscus to allow blood flow to the inner aspect 430. As shown in FIG. 26, an electrosurgical instrument 440 is introduced into the knee cavity either arthroscopically, or through an open procedure. In the arthroscopic procedure, the knee cavity is submerged with conductive fluid 442 and in the open procedure, the fluid 442 may be delivered to the target site (through instrument 440 or through another fluid supply instrument). Typically, instrument 440 is a bipolar probe having one or more electrode terminal(s) 444 at its distal end, and a proximally spaced return electrode 446 (as described in detail above). The electrode terminal(s) 444 are positioned adjacent a target area on the inner aspect 430 of meniscus 402, and a high frequency voltage difference is applied between electrode terminal(s) 444 and return electrode 446 such that electric current flows through the conductive fluid 442 therebetween. The high frequency voltage is sufficient to convert the electrically conductive fluid 442 between the target tissue and electrode terminal(s) 444 into an ionized vapor layer or plasma (not shown). As a result of the applied voltage difference between electrode terminal(s) 444 and the target tissue (i.e., the voltage gradient across the plasma layer), charged particles (not shown) in the plasma (viz., electrons) are accelerated towards the tissue. At sufficiently high voltage differences, these charged particles gain sufficient energy to cause dissociation of the molecular bonds within tissue structures. This molecular dissociation is accompanied by the volumetric removal (i.e., ablative sublimation) of tissue and the production of low molecular weight gases (not shown), such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane. The short range of the accelerated charged particles within the tissue confines the molecular dissociation process to the surface layer to minimize damage and necrosis to the underlying tissue.

During the process, the gases may be aspirated through a suction tube, instrument or lumen with probe 440 suitably coupled to a vacuum source. In addition, excess electrically conductive fluid, and other fluids (e.g., blood) may be aspirated from the target site to facilitate the surgeon's view. During ablation of the tissue, the residual heat generated by the current flux lines (typically less than 150° C.), will usually be sufficient to coagulate any severed blood vessels at the site. If not, the surgeon may switch the power supply 28 (FIG. 1) into the coagulation mode by lowering the voltage to a level below the threshold for fluid vaporization, as discussed above. This simultaneous hemostasis results in less bleeding and facilitates the surgeon's ability to perform the procedure.

Depending on the procedure, the surgeon may translate the electrode terminals 444 relative to the meniscus tissue to form holes, channels, stripes, divots, craters or the like within the meniscus. In the representative embodiment, the physician axially translates the electrode terminals 444 into the meniscus tissue as the tissue is volumetrically removed to form one or more holes in the meniscus 402, typically having a diameter of less than 2 mm, preferably less than 1 mm. The electrode terminal(s) 444 are preferably formed across the lesion 420 into the outer aspect 432 of the meniscus, which has a blood supply, to create an artificial channel or lumen that will allow blood to flow back into the inner aspect 430. Applicant has found that the present invention can quickly and cleanly create such holes, divots or channels in tissue with the cold ablation technology described herein. A more complete description of methods for forming holes or channels in tissue can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

Once a hole is formed, an implant 422 (FIG. 25) will then be advanced through the hole across the lesion 420 to fix the meniscus in place during healing. The present invention facilitates the formation of holes for the implants 422, and helps to revascularize the inner portion of the meniscus 402. Another advantage of the present invention is the ability to precisely ablate channels or holes within the tissue without causing necrosis or thermal damage to the underlying and surrounding tissues, nerves, cartilage, ligaments or bone. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of revascularizing a region of tissue at a target site comprising: positioning an electrode terminal in close proximity to tissue in a region of the target site; applying high frequency voltage to the electrode terminal, the high frequency voltage being sufficient to promote revascularization of tissue in the region of the target site; and locating electrically conductive fluid between the electrode terminal and the tissue.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein revascularization of tissue is at least partly accomplished by volumetrically removing a portion of the tissue in said region.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein revascularization of tissue is at least partly accomplished by forming a channel within said region of the target site.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein revascularization of tissue is at least partly accomplished by forming a hole within said region of the target site.
 5. The method of claim 2 further comprising advancing at least a distal surface of the electrode terminal into a space vacated by the removed tissue.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising: introducing at least a distal end of an electrosurgical probe into a patient's knee; and positioning the distal end of the probe in close proximity to a meniscus within the knee.
 7. The method of claim 6 further comprising forming a hole within the meniscus from an inner aspect of the meniscus to an outer aspect of the tissue to allow blood to flow from the outer aspect to the inner aspect.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising an electrode array including a plurality of electrically isolated electrode terminals.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrode terminal comprises a single electrode adjacent a distal end of an electrosurgical probe.
 10. The method of claim 2 further comprising applying high frequency voltage between the electrode terminal and a return electrode, the high frequency voltage being sufficient to volumetrically remove tissue at the target site.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the return electrode is located on an external surface of the patient's body.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the return electrode and the electrode terminal are both located on an electrosurgical probe.
 13. The method of claim 10 further comprising locating electrically conductive fluid between the electrode terminal and the return electrode and generating a current flow path from the electrode terminal through the electrically conductive fluid to the return electrode.
 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a hole with a lateral dimension of about 1.5 to 20 mm. 